Beloved, Water Imagery Essay

We visually see water as a clear, constantly flowing object integrated in many areas such as an ocean, a pool, or even a simple cup. But sometimes we do not see the meaning water can have and it’s relation to society. In the novel Beloved, water is related to and involved in many instances that lead to a positive change. Characters like Sethe have experienced a situation in which she had to once escape sweet home, a former slave home, to go on to live a free life. Instances of rebirth or birth occur with Denver and Beloved being brought into the world. At the time, being a slave was hard and even harder when one was pregnant; one would still receive constant abuse, and for Sethe, it was a difficult life. Beginning a new life with a family could have been the start for so, but they would have to escape their slave homes. Therefore, it is seen that the motif of water serves as a positive concept for the characters and their future. At first, it is seen that Sethe, a black, female, pregnant slave who resides in sweet home, is under the care of a cruel man, schoolteacher, who enforced slave-like behavior. The brutality Sethe suffers gets to the point where she has to run away from sweet home in secure of a peaceful life. Captured, beaten, and under the control of schoolteacher after her attempt to run away, she does so again, despite being caught previously. Upon her arrival at the Ohio River, she sees a white girl by the name of Amy Denver, who aids in the birth of Sethe’s daughter as the canoe is being filled with water; her child is named Denver, after Amy Denver helped her. Later another character named Stamp Paid helps Sethe go across the Ohio River without any problems. The water in these scenes is significant because a new child is born, and without the water, it would be a harder process to deliver. With the help of Stamp Paid, Sethe goes over the Ohio River on the way to Baby Sugg’s house. The water also signifies the first steps to Sethe’s freedom by leaving sweet home and the cruel memories it has to her. Before heading to 124 with Denver and eventually meeting up with Paul D, Sethe makes a stop at Baby Sugg’s home in Cincinnati, OH. Baby Suggs could be viewed as an inspiration to the black community as she is aware of what slaves are going through. â€Å"She led Sethe to the keeping room and, by the light of a spirit lamp, bathed her in sections, starting with her face. Then, while waiting for another pan of heated water, she sat next to her and stitched cotton. Sethe dozed and woke to the washing of her hands and arms. † (Morrison, 109) The implication of Sethe’s face being bathed is that she is starting her life all over. The memories she has of being raped by schoolteacher’s nephews and constant abuse from schoolteacher are cleansed away by the water she is bathed with. The water in this context serves as a make-over for Sethe’s life, allowing her to move on from the past and to the future. In addition to seeing Sethe find her freedom through her escape, Paul D too had to find a way to get to 124 to be with her and Denver. Stuck in the abusive prison camp in Alfred, GA, the prisoners are kept in their cells all day by rain: â€Å"It rained. In the boxes the men heard the water rise in the trench and looked out for cottonmouths. They squatted in muddy water, slept above it, peed in it†¦ it happened so quick he had no time to ponder†¦ one by one, from Hi Man back on down the like, thy dove. Down through the mud under the bars, blind, groping. † (Morrison, 109) The excessive rain that poured down to the ground created a muddy footing which gave the prisoners the opportunity to escape. Paul D took advantage of this situation to escape the prison camp to get to 124 to be with Denver and Sethe. Once again, it is seen that water is an essential positive concept for the characters in Beloved. Without the water’s presence, the muddy ground would not have allowed or helped Paul D and the rest to escape. The impact the water has on this scene is helping to facilitate Paul D after he has been enslaved for a long time. He and Sethe both start new paths because of the concept of water. Within the text, the motif of water is shown to be has an essential object which helps the slaves in different ways. The flatbed filled with water aids in the delivery of Denver. The water that Baby Suggs bathes Sethe with cleanses her past and rejuvenates her life to a brand new future. The torrential downpour Paul D experiences in his prison camp allows the ground to become an easy surface to escape from opening the way to a new future. And finally, the long Ohio River is used by Sethe uses to escape her â€Å"prison† with schoolteacher in Kentucky. All of these examples of water’s are positive leading out causes for these characters. Without water, the characters goes would have ended up much differently.

Car Maintenance Essay

Care and Maintenance Tips Keep Your Car Running in Top-Notch Condition We’ve compiled our best expert advice, surprising tricks, and car care tips to prolong the life of your automobile! 1. Be patient during the break-in period You’ve bought your dream car and now you want to make it last at long as possible in top condition. Here are some things to remember as you pull it out of the dealer’s lot: * During the break-in period, typically the first 1,000 miles (1,600 km), keep your speed under 55 mph (88 kpm) or to the speed recommended by your car’s manufacturer. * Avoid heavy loads on the drive train, such as towing trailers, and loading the roof rack or trunk with heavy construction materials. * Do not allow your new car to idle for long periods — this is good advice for the life of your car, but especially during breakin. The oil pressure generated by doing so may not be sending oil to every part of your engine. * Use only light to medium acceleration, keeping the engine rpms below 3,000 for the first few hours of driving. 2. Drive with care everyday Being car considerate shouldn’t stop after the break-in. Drive with care every day and your car will reward you with longer intervals without repair. * Do not race your car’s engine during start-up.This is a quick way to add years of wear to your engine, especially if it’s cold outside. * Accelerate slowly when you begin your drive.The most wear to the engine and drive train occurs in the first ten to twenty minutes of operation. * Warming the engine by letting it idle in the driveway is not a smart idea.The engine doesn’t operate at its peak temperature, resulting in incomplete fuel combustion, soot deposits on cylinder walls, oil contamination, and ultimately damaged components. * Put less strain on your engine and automatic transmission by shifting to neutral at red lights. Otherwise, the engine is still working to push the car even while it’s stopped. * Avoid driving at high speeds and accelerating quickly, especially when it’s very hot o r very cold outside. Such driving behavior will result in more frequent repairs. * Extend the life of your tires with careful driving. Observe posted speed limits. Avoid fast starts, stops, and turns. Avoid potholes and objects on the road. Don’t run over curbs or hit the tire against the curb when parking. And, of course, don’t burn  rubber. * When turning your steering wheel, don’t hold it in an extreme right or left position for more than a few seconds. Doing so can damage the power-steering pump. * Consolidate your short driving trips. Most of the wear and tear — as well as the pollution your car generates — takes place in the first few minutes of driving. Doing several errands at once, during low traffic hours if possible, will keep your engine happier longer. 3. Buy gas at reputable service stations Ask whether the gas you buy is filtered at the pump and if the station has a policy about changing the pump filters regularly. If you get a song and dance, find another gas station. Some stations don’t have pump filters, making you more vulnerable to dirty gasoline. Other stations may not mix alcohol and fuel properly — or worse, water down their product. Find a station you trust and stick to it. 4. Don’t fill up if you see the tanker If you happen to see a gasoline tanker filling the tanks at your local gas station, come back another day or go to a different station. As the station’s underground tanks are being filled, the turbulence can stir up sediment. Sediment in your gas can clog fuel filters and fuel injectors, causing poor performance and possibly necessitating repairs. 5. Go easy when you’re stuck When stuck in mud or snow, don’t make the problem worse by damaging an expensive component. Gently rocking in an attempt to free the car is fine. But if it looks as though you’re really stuck, don’t keep at it. Throwing your car from forward to reverse repeatedly, as well as spinning tires at high speeds, can generate lots of heat and spell trouble for transmissions, clutches, and differentials. It may be cheaper in the long run to call the tow truck rather than risk big repair bills down the road. It’s a good idea to carry a traction aid in the trunk, such as sand, gravel, or cat litter. 6. Lighten up your key chain Does your car key share a chain with a dozen or more other keys? That’s a pretty heavy load hanging off the car key when it’s in the ignition.The weight, combined with bouncing while you drive, can wear out the tumblers  inside the ignition and eventually lead to ignition switch failure.To add years of service to your ignition switch, purchase a lightweight key chain that allows you to separate your ignition key from the others. Drive with only the ignition key in your ignition. If your ignition key â€Å"sticks† when you try to turn on the car, it’s a warning that your ignition switch is about to fail. Replace it before you get stranded. 7. Choose a good car insurer Sometimes, no matter how careful you are, disaster inevitably strikes — typically in the form of an accident. Make sure that your car will be repaired to the best possible standard by finding an insurer that will pay for parts from the original manufacturer and guarantee the repairs it authorizes. 8. Keep an auto log Keep a pad and pencil in the glove compartment and use them to record your gas fill-ups and mileage. If you notice that your gas mileage worsens, mention it to your service man. It may be an early warning sign that something is wrong with your car. 9. Preserve your car during long-term storage If you are not going to use your car for more than a month, store it properly to prevent unnecessary damage and repairs upon your return. * Fill the gas tank to help prevent condensation from accumulating in the gas tank. Add a fuel stabilizer and drive the car around a bit to distribute the additive to engine parts. * Wash and wax the car thoroughly to protect the finish. * Place a vapor barrier on your garage floor. A 4-mil polyethylene drop cloth will do. * Disengage the parking brake to help avoid brake corrosion. * Put the car on jack stands to take the weight of the vehicle off the wheels and tires. * Disconnect and remove the battery to keep it from draining. Place the battery on a trickletype charger. Or periodically drain the battery, using a small light bulb, and then recharge it with a low-volt charger. * Plug the tailpipe with a rag to prevent moist air from infiltrating into it. Car Interior 10. Park in the shade Of course, a garage is always the ideal place to park your car. But if one isn’t available, minimize interior damage from UV sunlight and heat by always trying to park your car in the shade. If no shade is available or if you find parking under a tree results in bird droppings, use a car shade to minimize the sun’s impact. As a bonus, you’ll have a cooler car to step into on hot sunny days. Car shades come in two basic types: those that you unfold and place on the front windshield and rear window, or pleated types that attach to the windshield posts (with adhesive), window frames (with Velcro), or the windows themselves (with suction cups). 11. Clean the inside, too Vacuum and sponge your interior every time you wash your car. Dirt particles are abrasive, and spilled liquids, such as soda, can be corrosive.Vacuum your interior thoroughly with a powerful vacuum (small cordless models are generally too weak). Use the appropriate wand heads when vacuuming. The bare metal wand can mar and scratch surfaces. Sponge vinyl surfaces clean with a solution of mild detergent and water. 12. Clean dash gauges carefully Use a soft damp cloth to lightly wipe dust from the clear plastic lenses on your dashboard. Too much pressure will scratch them. Too many scratches can make it difficult to read your gauges under certain lighting conditions. 13. Let floor mats take winter’s beating Use floor mats to protect carpeting. The best type for controlling salt, slush, and mud in winter are rubber wafflestyle mats. They stay in place, don’t allow the water to seep through, and are easy to wash clean. Carpet-style mats are helpful, too. Shake, vacuum, or wash as needed; replace them as they wear through. 14. Blast mats with the hose When washing your car, drag out the rubber or carpet floor mats and blast them with the hose.This will dislodge dirt particles that, if allowed to build up, will grind holes in your mats. Let the mats dry thoroughly in the sun before reinstalling them. 15. For stubborn carpet or mat stains After vacuuming floor mats or interior carpeting, apply foam rug cleaner to resistant stains as directed by the maker. Work the foam into a few square feet at a time, using a wet sponge or brush. Vacuum when dry. 16. Preserve door and window seals Wipe a rubber protectant (such as Armor-All) or silicone on door and window weatherstripping to keep it in good condition. Don’t use an oilbased product, such as WD-40, because the oil will damage the rubber. Regular cleaning and treatment of your car’s weatherstripping will also lessen the likelihood of your door sticking to its rubber seal in cold weather, a common cause of damage to the rubber. 17. Fix bad weatherstripping immediately If your weatherstripping is letting rainwater leak into the interior of your car, take a look at it and decide if you can repair it or if it needs to be replaced. Small leaks can be handled with brush-on seam sealers. Resecure loose sections, not otherwise damaged, with trim adhesive. Torn sections may be repaired with special caulking available at auto parts stores. You may also be able to extend the life of worn-but-intact sections by inserting foam rods, available at automotive stores, into the hollow section of the weatherstripping. If you decide to replace entire sections of gasket, don’t simply buy generic stuff such as you’d use around the house. Buy a product that matches your car’s original weatherstripping — it’s available in a wide variety of profiles from dealerships and automotive mail-order catalogues. 18. Keep leather from drying out and cracking Leather cars seats are durable and don’t require a lot of maintenance. After a few years, however, the seats can become soiled. Use a leather cleaner to remove dirt and stains.Then apply a leather protectant formulated for pigmented or top-coated grain leather (the leather used for most leather car upholstery). Protectants will resist stains and make the upholstery easier to clean in the future. Choose a protectant that includes conditioners to keep your leather supple. 19. Use upholstery cleaners on soiled seats The same upholstery cleaners you use at home can be used on your car’s  upholstery. Use them sparingly, however, to avoid saturating the fabric. Use a clean cloth to wipe away the foam. On velour seats, brush the fibers gently to avoid matting them and to preserve the original texture of the fabric. 20. Renew fabric upholstery Spraying fabric car seats and carpets with a fabric protectant, such as Scotchgard, will make them resist dirt and stains, and make them easier to clean. Thoroughly clean the fabrics before using one of these products and then test the product on an inconspicuous place to be sure the treatment will not discolor the fabric. 21. Place a towel under baby seats All manner of food bits and liquids can accumulate under a baby seat, where they can permanently stain the upholstery. Place a sheet of heavy plastic and an absorbent towel under the seat to prevent damage, and re-secure the seat according to the manufacturer’s directions. 22. Protect car paint from the sun Paint does more than make your vehicle look great. It’s also the first line of defense against rusted body panels. Of course, the best way to protect the paint is to park the car in a garage. If that is not possible, park in the shade or purchase a car cover. The sun’s ultraviolet rays break down paint and cause it to fade. Some car covers protect your car from more than sun, moisture, bird droppings, and dust — they also have a thin layer of cushioning that will guard against light impact, such as from a tipped bicycle or small falling tree branch. 23. Touch up nicks sooner rather than later Touch-up paint won’t adhere well to rust. So be sure to keep some matching touch-up paint on hand so you can touch up any minor nicks, often found around door edges, before rust has a chance to form. 24. Tape saves light covers A cracked taillight or turn-signal cover, if left alone, may allow your light compartment to fill with water and cause some real damage. A good short-term fix is to tape over the crack. Use the red or orange tape that’s made for  this purpose.You can purchase it at many automotive parts stores. 25. Avoid light fixture problems When changing a bad bulb, clean dirty or corroded sockets with fine steel wool or a small wire brush.Wipe the socket clean of debris before installing the new light bulb. 26. Fix small windshield chips Got a rock chip, crack, or ding in your windshield? Bring your car to a windshield repair shop. For far less cost than replacing the windshield, they can fix chips and cracks, even quite long ones. The repairs not only keep the chips and cracks from spreading and restore structural integrity, they also improve clarity. 27. Fill with washer fluid only Don’t add water to the windshield washer reservoir. It won’t clean as well as washer fluid, and it may freeze in cold weather and damage the system. Don’t try to run your windshield washer system once you suspect there’s no more fluid in the tank, or you may damage the washer fluid pump. 28. Fix the washer fluid tank Cracked washer-deicer fluid tanks are fairly common once a car is of a certain age. A good remedy — until you can buy a new tank or find one at the junkyard — is to insert a plastic freezer bag into the tank and fill it with the washer fluid. 29. Don’t try to carry too much Never exceed your car’s roof load specifications or weight limits.You can find them in your vehicle owner’s manual. Check the weight limitation of your roof rack as well. Typically the range is from 150 to 200 pounds (68 to 90 kg). That’s the equivalent of eighteen 8-foot 2 x 4s (2.4-meter 38 x 89s) or three sheets of 3/4-inch (17-mm) plywood. If you have to deliver a heavy load from the home or garden center, consider having it delivered. It will save wear and tear on you as well as your car. 30. Keep an old blanket handy Protect your car’s roof from scratches with an old blanket before tying lumber, bicycles, or luggage to your roof rack. 31. Secure loads to avoid dents and scratches The beginning of the end for the finish on many cars and trucks — and for wagon and hatchback interiors for that matter — is an improperly stowed load. Invest in the appropriate racks for bicycles, cargo, and luggage. A good trick to keep tall objects from sliding around in a pick-up truck bed is to use a shower curtain rod (or two) as a brace. Just push the cargo against the front wall of the truck bed and install the rod behind it. Twist to secure. Cargo nets will also help keep objects from banging around and damaging a truck bed. 32. Inspect wheel-well splashguards These guards, however flimsy on many of today’s cars, help keep water and winter’s salty slush from splashing up into the engine compartment, where it can damage sensitive electrical components. Unfortunately, these guards tear off easily — sometimes without the driver knowing it. Check for damage to these guards when you wash your car. Re-secure with the appropriate fasteners or replace as needed. As added protection from splashed-up muck, slush, and debris, install mud flaps (also called splash guards) on your vehicle. 33. Wash in winter, too If you rarely wash your car during messy winter weather, you are not alone.The cars you see on the road make it obvious that lots of folks figure,†Why bother? The car is going to look awful the next time I drive it.† The problem with this thinking is that washing is more important in the winter than other times of the year. All that sand, slush, and ice mixed with road salt is exactly what makes your car rust.The fastest corrosion occurs when the temperature repeatedly rises above and then falls below freezing. Especially during the messy months, be sure to rinse the undercarriage and hard-to-reach areas that are susceptible to rust, such as the bumpers and inside the wheel wells. If the temperature outside is going to stay above freezing long enough for your car and driveway to dry, fill a bucket with warm water and tackle the job at home. If not, pay a visit to your local car wash and be sure they dry the car thoroughly. 34. Wax to protect your car’s paint job No way around it! Waxing your car is work. But it’s satisfying work that will help keep your car looking new. Car wax preserves paint by slowing oxidation  and forming a barrier against bird droppings, sap, and pollution. Plus driving a nice shiny car is just plain fun. Here’s what to do to ensure the maximum in protection: * Liquid and spray waxes are tempting to use — they make the car shiny with less work than rubbing in paste wax. But there’s still no beating paste wax for the hardest, longest-lasting finish. Look for paste with a high carnauba wax content. * Apply a thin, even coat of wax to the car’s surfaces with a damp sponge. Avoid applying too much, or it will be difficult to remove and some residue will inevitably mar your finish. * To avoid fine scratches, use a clean, soft cotton or microfiber cloth to remove wax once it has dried. * Apply an extra coat of wax to the nose and hood. The wax film in these areas wears away quickly. 35. Give your car a new skin New self-adhering urethane films have been developed to protect the most vulnerable painted areas on your car from stone chips and other minor abrasions.You can wash and wax these surfaces, just as you would the rest of the paint job. While it’s best to have these films professionally installed, you can peel them off yourself. One product is made by 3M, and you can learn more by going to 3m.com and searching for Scotchgard Paint Protection Film Solutions. 36. Don’t let tools mar your car’s finish If you plan to service and make repairs to your car, invest in a fender cover. It drapes over your fender, providing a safe place to rest your tools without causing scratches. It will also prevent your belt buckle from marring your paint as you lean into the engine compartment to work. Tires, Wheels, and Brakes 37. Keep the caps on You step out into driveway ready to start your morning commute only to discover a flat tire. How in the heck did that happen overnight? If the tire valve is missing its cap, the culprit might be a leaky valve. Those little caps keep out dirt and moisture that can cause leaks, so be sure to keep caps on all your tire valves. Another tip: When you replace tires, remind  the tire shop that you expect new valves with the tires. 38. Maintain proper inflation Under-inflated tires are a tire salesman’s best friend. They create excessive heat and stress that can lead to tire failure. If you want to get every last mile out of your tires, get yourself a tire pressure gauge and use it at least once a month (more in hot weather) to keep your tires inflated to the recommendation in the vehicle’s owner’s manual. Check tires when they are cold (driven for less than one mile) for an accurate reading. 39. Beware the wet thumb If you top off your tires at a service station, check to see if there’s moisture coming from the air pump. Simply depress the pin inside the inflator valve with your thumbnail. If your thumb gets wet, advise the station manager that his tanks need to be drained and go to a different station. Moisture, trapped inside a tire, can cause pressure variations and corrode rims. 40. Check for uneven wear Check tires for uneven wear. If you’ve maintained tire inflation properly, uneven wear may indicate the need for a wheel realignment. It can also mean improperly operating brakes or shocks, a bent wheel, internal tire damage, or worn bushings. 41. Check tread for safety Most states require tires to be replaced when they have worn down to 1/16-inch (1.5 mm) of remaining tire depth. Tires sold in North America are required to have â€Å"wear bars† molded into them to make it easy to see when tire replacement is legally required. However, if you’ll be driving in the rain, you should change your tires when there is 1/8-inch (3 mm) of tread left. Otherwise, water may not escape from under your tires fast enough and you risk hydroplaning — a dangerous situation in which your car loses traction and literally floats on the water. Stick an American quarter between the treads in several places. If part of Washington’s head is always covered, you have enough tread to drive in the rain. If you drive in snow, you’ll need at least 3/16-inch (5 mm) of tread to get adequate traction. Stick an American penny between the treads. If the top of the Lincoln  Memorial is always covered, you’re ready for winter driving. 42. Rota te your tires Rotating your tires helps to distribute tire wear evenly and ensures that you’ll get the maximum road life out of them. The first rotation is especially important.Your owner’s manual should specify both rotation period and pattern. If not, rotate your tires every 6,000 to 7,500 miles (9,700 to 12,000 km) — your tire dealer should know the correct pattern of tire rotation. 43. When temperatures affect tire inflation When outside temperatures drop or soar, tires tend to lose pressure. A drop of 10 degrees F (6 degrees C), in fact, will decrease a tire’s air pressure by 1 or 2 pounds.Tires can lose even more air in hot weather. Under-inflated tires can result in accelerated wear and poor driving performance. If you live in a place where temperatures vary a lot, check your tire pressure often and add air as needed. 44. Buy used tires If you own a car that you plan to drive only for another year, the last thing you want to do is to buy a new set of tires. If it’s time to replace those tires though, it’s really time. Rather than hesitate, buy a set of used tires. Call local tire dealers to see what’s available. You’ll be surprised by how much wear is left in tires that are turned in by image-conscious car owners. Have your tire size handy. 45. Use wheel cleaner Your car’s wheels are down there on the road, taking the brunt of road dirt. Add in the dust that wears off your brake pads and you’ve got a formula for stains that are tough to remove when you wash your vehicle. Car-washing liquid won’t do the job.You need a wheel cleaner specifically formulated to remove such stains. Be sure to buy the correct formulation. Some cleaners are designed for metal wheels, and others for painted or clear-coated wheels.The metal wheel cleaners come in various formulations as well, depending upon whether your metal wheel has a satin, aluminum, or chrome finish. Protect metal wheels with wheel polish, painted wheels with a coat of wax. 46. Lube your lug nuts Lug nuts, if not lubricated occasionally, can seize or â€Å"freeze† to the studs due to corrosion. Repairing them can be expensive. Having to call a tow truck for a flat you can’t remove is even more expensive.The next time you change or rotate your tires, pick up some anti-seize lubricant at your local auto supply store. Clean the stud threads with a wire brush and wipe them with the lubricant. It’s formulated to prevent the lug nuts (spark plugs, too) from seizing and won’t allow them to loosen as you drive, the way other lubricants might. If a lug nut does freeze to a stud, try spraying the nut and stud with WD-40 or Liquid Wrench. Allow it to penetrate for 10 or 20 minutes. Use a heat gun to apply heat.Then use a ratchet wrench to remove the lug. 47. Hang on to your hubcaps Clang, clang, clang! There goes your hubcap,rolling off to destination unknown. Hubcaps, wheel covers, and center caps can pop off your car’s wheels as you’re driving if they were not reinstalled correctly, have loosened over time, or if they were damaged by being jammed against a curb while parking. Here are some things you can do to keep these expensive parts on the car: * If your older metal hubcap has loosened, remove it and pry the metal clips outward slightly. This should fix the problem. * Newer plastic-type hubcaps and some wheel covers are usually held in place by a retaining wire ring that snaps into tabs on the wheel. When installing such a cap or cover, take care that you do not bend or break the tabs. * One way to make sure your expensive hubcaps aren’t damaged by a repair shop is to remove them yourself before taking your car in for a repair that requires wheel removal, such as a brake job or new tires. When reinstalling hubcaps, rest the hubcap in place and then tap it gently with a rubber mallet. Don’t hit the hubcap hard, or you might break the clips underneath. If you prefer to have your repair person remove the covers, check to make sure they were reinstalled properly.They should look even and flush. 48. Have wheel alignment checked Have your car’s wheel alignment checked every 30,000 miles (48,000 km), or as recommended in your owner’s manual. Also have it checked after buying new tires and when you replace a rack-and-pinion steering unit or other steering parts. Improper tire alignment will shorten the life of your tires as well  as cause poor handling. If your steering is stiffer than normal or the vehicle pulls to one side, you probably have an alignment problem. 49. Top off your brake fluid Check brake fluid monthly.Wipe dirt from the master cylinder lid before you open it. If you need fluid, add the type recommended by your car’s maker. Never substitute other fluids, such as transmission or power-steering fluid. And don’t use brake fluid from a previously opened container. Once exposed to air, brake fluid absorbs moisture and contaminates easily. 50. Care for anti-lock brakes An anti-lock brake system is sensitive to moisture, which can ruin the expensive ABS pump and rot the brake lines from the inside. Since brake fluid attracts moisture, it should be â€Å"bled† or purged at least every three years, or as specified in your owner’s manual. Car Engine and Other Systems 51. Check engine oil at every other fill-up For an accurate reading, follow this procedure: * Run or drive your car for about 15 minutes to warm the oil; then park the car in a level place.Turn off the engine and wait 15 minutes to allow the oil in the engine to drain back to the oil pan. * Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean with a paper towel or rag. Reinsert the dipstick, being sure to push it in all the way, then pull it out again to check the oil level. It should be somewhere between the hash marks on the dipstick. * Add the type and amount of oil as specified in your owner’s manual, if necessary. 52. Change oil frequently Your dad knew that frequent oil changes were key to keeping his Buick on the road another year. And while owner’s manuals for today’s cars recommend increasing long intervals between oil changes, the fact remains — frequent changes flush abrasive dirt and metal particles out of the engine, prolonging its life. Most owner’s manuals recommend a more frequent interval for â€Å"severe conditions.† To maximize the life of your engine, follow the severe intervals recommendations, especially if drive regularly in  stop-and-go traffic. 53. Avoid overfilling your crankcase with oil Don’t overfill your engine crankcase with oil. If you do, the oil can rise into the crankshaft, where air bubbles will get churned into the oil.Your oil pump can’t do a good job of circulating oil with air bubbles. The result can be overheating and stress on engine components. Overfilling can also foul your sparkplugs. In fact, overfilling is a bad idea with all automotive fluids. 54. Wipe oil pan plug clean If you do your own oil changes, clean the drain plug and washer with rags before reinstalling your oil pan. Some plugs are magnetized to trap metal particles. 55. Don’t forget the filters There are several filters (the main ones are oil, fuel, transmission, and air) important to preserving your car engine, and they should be changed according to the schedule in your owner’s manual or as follows: * Change the oil filter at least at every other oil change — every change is even better because the old filter contains nearly a quart of dirty oil that will remain with the new, clean oil. If you change your oil yourself, wipe the filter threads with an anti-seize lubricant, available at auto supply stores. * Check the air filter every two months and replace it when dirty or as part of a tune-up. Air filters are generally easier to get to than oil filters.You find them under the big metal lid in a carbureted engine or in a rectangular box in a fuelinjected engine — check your owner’s manual for the exact location. Extend the life of air filters by blowing them clean with compressed air. * Despite claims by makers and dealers that some newer fuel filters never need changing, it’s smart to have it done once a year. A clogged fuel filter will cause poor engine performance (hesitation and starting difficulties) and is an early warning that there may be corrosion in your gas tank. * Change your transmission fluid filter after the first 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of driving and every 25,000 miles (40,000 km) or two year thereafter. 56. Don’t forget the PCV valve The PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) valve is an emissions control device on older cars — check your service manual to see if your car has one.The valve recirculates partially burned gases from the engine’s crankcase to the  combustion chamber. Important to a properly functioning engine, the valve should be changed every 30,000 miles (48,000 km) or as specified in your owner’s manual. In addition to helping you get the most from a tank of gasoline, it helps to prevent the buildup of harmful sludge and corrosion.When replacing your PCV valve, be sure you use the correct one or you may damage your engine. 57. Heavier is not always better Use the oil viscosity grade that’s recommended in your owner’s manual for the temperature range you expect for the coming season. Lighter grades (lower viscosity, such as SAE 5W-30), often specified for today’s smaller car engines, will deliver easier starts and better engine protection in winter and improved gas mileage throughout the year, thanks to less internal engine friction. Do not use a heavy grade of oil in cold winter climes or you will risk damage to your engine. 58. Maintain your transmission Change automatic transmission fluid and filter after the first 5,000 miles (8,000 km) and after every 25,000 miles (40,000 km) or two years thereafter, or as recommended in your owner’s manual. If you use your vehicle for towing, change the fluid and filter every year. For manual transmissions, change the lubricant (motor oil or gear oil, depending on the car) after the first 5,000 miles and after every 50,000 (80,000 km) thereafter. Use synthetic motor oil or gear lube for longer transmission life unless the manufacturer recommends otherwise. 59. Consider adding oil coolers If you plan to do a lot of towing and your vehicle is not already equipped with coolers, consider having them added. Aftermarket engine oil and transmission fluid coolers are simple, low-cost addons that operate on the same principle as your car’s radiator. The fluid flows through them, and many small fins absorb and dissipate heat. Cooler operating temperatures of engine oil and transmission fluid can add significantly to the life of your engine and transmission. 60. Spark plugs do need changing The advent of electronic ignition and on-board computers has eliminated the need for regular tune-ups, but you still need to change your spark plugs. Many manufacturers recommend changing plugs every 30,000 or 40,000 miles  (48,000 or 64,000 km) to ensure good fuel mileage and engine performance. Some new cars come with long-life plugs (sometimes called double platinum plugs) that can last for 100,000 miles (160,000 km). If your car isn’t so equipped, make the switch after 30,000 miles. The extra cost is only a few dollars per spark plug. While you’re at it, change your spark plug wires as well. Their typical life is 50,000 miles (80,000 km). Deteriorated wires can cause those high-tech new spark plugs to foul. 61. Avoid hose hassles Check the hoses under your hood every month or two to avoid the hassle of a broken hose while you’re on the road. With the car cool and off, squeeze the hoses. If they are hard or make a crunching sound, replace them. Ditto if they are extremely soft or sticky.With the car warm but off, examine hoses for bulges and collapsed sections. If you find any, the hose walls are weak, and it’s time to replace the hose. Never drive with a ruptured coolant hose, or you are liable to overheat the engine and damage it. Other hoses are crucial to operation of your power brakes and cruise-control systems. 62. Test drive-belt tension Check the tension and condition of your drive belt (or, with many cars, multiple belts) every month. Belts that are too tight can wear out the bearings in accessory components, such as AC compressor, water pump, and power-steering pump. Belts that are too loose will wear out faster and may fail prematurely. Perform your examination before you start the car to avoid injury due to a hot belt or moving engine part. Check for tension by pressing in the center of the belt’s longest exposed run while holding a ruler next to it. If you can depress the belt 1/ 2 to 1 inch (13 to 25 mm), but not more or less, the tension is good. If not, adjust the belt tension yourself according to your car’s service manual, or have your dealer or auto repair service do it. Also check for belt damage, such as glazing (often due to oil leakage), fraying, and cracks. If you spot damage, have the belt checked by a pro and replaced if necessary. 63. Don’t forget the timing belt On many cars, it’s the belt you can’t see that is the most critical. If your manual says, as many do, that you should replace the timing belt at 50,000 miiles, do it! A failed timing belt can, depending on engine type, cause  thousands of dollars worth of damage to your engine. 64. Clean your engine There are several reasons to wash your engine at least every year or two. A clean engine will run cooler than a dirty one. You’ll be more apt to tackle routine belt and hose checks and the like if you know you won’t get covered with grime every time you do so. A clean engine will also make it much easier to spot leaks and to service components. Remember to protect sensitive engine components — including the air intake, distributor, and electrical parts — with plastic bags before getting started. Use dishwashing liquid or other grease-cutting detergents and a bristle brush to scrub engine and components surfaces. Rinse thoroughly. Heavy-duty engine cleaning products are available at automotive parts stores. Follow the directions carefully. You may also have your engine professionally steam cleaned. AC, Car Battery and More 65. Run your AC in winter To keep your car’s air-conditioning system fit for the next warm season, run it a few times throughout the winter. This will prevent moving parts in the compressor from seizing. Also, circulating the refrigerant will help keep the seals soft and pliant. 66. Maintain your car’s battery Maybe the manufacturer says your battery is maintenancefree, but don’t you believe it! Check your battery regularly to extend its life and avoid the hassle of being stranded with a dead battery. * Begin with the simple: keeping your battery clean. A dirty case can actually cause current to drain. Wipe with a damp rag. Use a mild detergent if necessary. * Next, clean the battery posts or terminals. Loosen and remove the negative cable (black or minus sign) first, then the red positive cable. Use a brass wire battery brush dipped in a paste made from a few tablespoons of baking soda and a little water. * Inspect the battery case for damage, such as cracks or bulges — signs that a battery needs to be replaced. * Reinstall the cables, positive first, and coat the terminals and clamps with a thin coating of grease to prevent new corrosion. 67. Some batteries need water If your battery has vent caps, remove them to check the level of the  electrolyte. It should rise 1/2 inch (13 mm) above the battery’s top plates. If it doesn’t, use distilled water to raise the level to 1/4 or 3/8 inch (6 or 10 mm) below the bottom of the vent cap. Don’t use tap water, as it may contain minerals that can damage your battery. Mechanics should check your battery as a part of your regularly scheduled maintenance, but they often skip the procedure. Be sure to ask to have it done. 68. Be kind to your battery If you inadvertently leave your lights on and drain your battery, take the following precautions to prevent damage to the battery and the starter when jump-starting your car: * Don’t risk causing the battery to explode. With both cars off, connect a positive cable end to the positive battery terminal of the dead battery. * Connect the other positive cable end to the positive terminal of the source battery. * Connect a negative cable end to the negative terminal of the source battery. * Attach the remaining negative cable to unpainted metal on the car engine (as far from the dead battery as possible). * Wait a few minutes and try to start the disabled car. If it doesn’t start, start the source car and then try starting the dead one again. * When the car starts, be careful to disconnect the cables in the reverse order. * If the car still doesn’t start, don’t keep trying to charge it or you are liable to damage the starter. Bring the battery to an automotive shop to see if it can be recharged. * Even if you’re successful, ensure a full recharge by hooking up the battery to a charger overnight or by driving the car for 5 or 10 miles (8 to 16 km). 69. Seal a leaky radiator Save the high expense of a new radiator by trying to seal a leak with a radiator sealer, such as Alumaseal from Gold Eagle Co. Available in powder or liquid form, the product circulates in the radiator until it gets to the hole, where it sets up and fills the hole upon contact with the air. Alumaseal may be used to stop heater core leaks as well. 70. Dilute your coolant Your cooling system needs both coolant-antifreeze and water, so don’t pour undiluted coolant into your cooling system. Dilute it with water to the  commonly recommended 50-50 ratio. Similarly, don’t use straight water in your system either.The coolant protects against corrosion and freezing.The water ensures good heat transfer from the coolant to the radiator. 71. Keep your cool Check the coolant-antifreeze level weekly that shows on the translucent coolant-antifreeze overflow tank. If low, fill to the maximum fill mark on the tank with a 50-50 solution of coolant-antifreeze and water. Some coolant manufacturers now sell premixed coolant and water for the motorist who wants a quick and easy way to top off. 72. Don’t forget to flush Coolant-antifreeze eventually degrades and becomes contaminated. Flush it from your cooling system as recommended in your manual (typically every two years; every five years for newer coolants). Failing to do so can damage your radiator, clog your heater core, and cause the thermostat and water pump to fail. 73. Don’t mix coolants Avoid mixing coolants that are different in color. If your coolant is pink, don’t add a green formulation to it. Otherwise, you’ll end up with a thick solution that won’t do its job. Use only the coolant specified in your owner’s manual. 74. Check power-steering fluid Check the power-steering fluid once a month with the car warmed up. If the level is low, have the hoses and pump inspected for leaks. In addition to making your car difficult to steer, low power-steering fluid will damage the power-steering pump. Be sure to use the powersteering fluid recommended for you car.

Channels Of Communication In An Organization Information Technology Essay

Channels Of Communication In An Organization Information Technology Essay In work place a good communication is more successful compared to others and even an organization having an effective communication with employees, customers, stakeholders, etc creates a good trust and position. Communicaiton is also an vital element of leadership. A good leader is always good with communication as they are clear and confident and has the power to persuade. Communication process in an organisation Business communication is the communication used to support the product, service or an organization with the purpose. In business, communication helps us to manage and make the best utilization of the resources and manpower available. Various channels of communications like internet, radio, television, prints, etc are used to convey the message in business. Communication is core of business. Communication is done either in formal or informal way depending on the type of message or information to be sent. Communication is the lifeblood of any organisation or business. It is needed for making plans proposals, exchanging information, exchanging ideas, executing decisions, conducting sales, etc. Let’s review the basic elements of communication process in the organization for the flow of message or information. The basic elements required for the process are the sender (encoder), channel, medium, receiver (decoder) and the feedback mechanism. With the use of these elements a clear and formal channel of communication should be established by the management. Let us consider a hypothetical situation where a manager has to pass a piece of information to finance department for the change in the payment system. He decides about what information to be sent and to whom to send and via which medium. He uses the direct channel of communication to send the information to the financial department. Financial department select e-mail as the medium of communication and pass it on to the staff. Change in payment system E-MAIL FINANCE DEPARTMENT Sender Channel Medi um Receiver Figure.1. Feedback Figure.2. Sender: is the communicator. Receiver: is the person who receives the information/message. Encoding: is the process of transferring the information into an understandable form. For example: in phone microphone converts sound into electrical impulse which are then transmitted through wires. Decoding: is the process of understanding the encoded message and interpreting in the right way. For example: humans do not comprehend the electrical impulse and so the decoder converts it into the understandable form. Channel: is the way through which the message is been sent. It can be verbal or nonverbal. Types of communication in an organization Internal communication External communication Internal Communication: Internal communication is the communication within the organization whether in formal or informal way. Effective internal communication means a flourished business. Under internal communication types there comes: Upward communication: it is th e flow of information from the employees to management and from the subordinates to the superiors. It is important as it will keep the high authority informed regarding employee’s job satisfaction and feelings and also on the organisation. Downward communication: it is the flow of information from the top organisational management towards the subordinates, employees, etc. It is important as it will let the high authority explain and inform regarding the job duties, roles and policies of the organization.

A contrast essay in which you explain the major differences between

A contrast in which you explain the major differences between mens and womens business ventures - Essay Example Men have more access to capital than women do. This is because majority lack assets similar to the men which they can use to acquire loans with. The men can acquire capital through loans, inheritance as well as selling of property. This therefore means that the women will have less money to start up a business and will therefore opt to go for smaller and more sustainable business. The men will go for the exact opposite as they have a large capital base and can always top it up easier than women can. An example is in the primary research which stated that â€Å"only 35% of women sought external funding compared to 45% of men†¦women paid significantly higher interest rates than men if granted a loan (Coleman, 1999).† Men are natural-born risk takers unlike women and this starts from a very young age. It therefore does not come as a surprise that women will venture into the less risky businesses mostly in the social field while men will take the higher risk jobs just to seek the thrill and challenges that come with it. According to research by the Guardian, men carry out extensive research on a business potential growth and opportunities and risks embracing it for the end goal while women research on the stable jobs that would allow them balance work and family (Kubski & Skodova, 2013). Lastly is the issue of confidence. Majority of women due to the socialization given to them from birth lacks confidence in doing much on their own. They are socialized to be delicate and always have others (the male figures in their lives) doing everything for them. The lack of confidence in their abilities and talents as well as in anything they do leads to them choosing the kind of business ventures they do. The men on the other hand have over confidence with their abilities limit. This overconfidence combined with inflated male ego makes them delve into the kind of business ventures they

Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment - Essay Example 99.03 98.98 98.65 Technology SPDR (ETF) 34.82 34.58 34.69 34.66 34.58 SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust 180.94 178.94 179.73 179.75 180.53 GE 26.94 26.45 26.64 26.56 26.66 eBay 52.01 51.41 51.09 51.93 51.35 AAPL 560.02 567.9 565 566.32 551.23 Cimarex shrank in value from $98.65 per share on Monday to $95.95 by week’s end. But if the investment game had commenced at the recent low of $64.99 in June 28, capital gain would have been a very satisfying +47.6% before transaction charges and taxes. SPY (SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust) was moribund that week as market sentiment held back the ETF to trade between $178.94 and $180.94. Hence, devoting the lion’s share of the training investment in SPY did little good at all as the stock closed the week a measly 0.2% up for the week. Nonetheless, its beta of 0.92 at last count suggested that the ETF is not as volatile as the market as a whole. Apple is a long-term hold, beloved of institutional buyers and pension fund managers. The closing price of $ 560.68 when the simulation game ended on Friday, Dec. 6, corresponded to a market cap of $503.871 billion. This despite founder Steve Jobs having passed away in late 2011, two years now, and no seriously new breakthrough products in the same timespan (Thomson Reuters 1). Chairman/CEO Tim Cook is not the visionary that Steve Jobs was. Even as he languished in his deathbed, the latter had engineered a long-term run-up in the stock price with the cash cow iPod line, energized the world with the launch of the iPhone, and brought down the moribund desktop PC industry with the iPad tablet PC. Anyone holding the stock in late 2004 (the aforementioned pension funds that are loathe to sell AAPL) would have ridden the dizzying rise of the stock from $11.36 in February 2004 to $560.02 (a 48-fold gain) on the... The paper tells that during the gaming period in question, Apple and eBay did in fact record the best capital gains of 1.6% and 1.3%, respectively. Apple was once again on a roll this week. It approves that Apple is a long-term hold, beloved of institutional buyers and pension fund managers. The closing price of $560.68 when the simulation game ended on Friday, Dec. 6, corresponded to a market cap of $503.871 billion. This despite founder Steve Jobs having passed away in late 2011, two years now, and no seriously new breakthrough products in the same timespan. According to the paper at the end of week, loading the portfolio with SPY. GE, eBay and Cimarex turned out to be too conservative and defensive a strategy. In retrospect, SPY was too cautious in approximating the performance of the S&P 500. Though ETF’s have much lower expense ratios, no investment minimums, are taxed less and grant option and short-selling opportunities, the lesson learned is that minimizing risk with diversification works but rewards the patient investor over a long bull market. On the other hand, AAPL contributed tremendously to portfolio gains because management was clearly bent on continuing its 18-month run of unleashing quarterly dividends as never before in the last ten years. The object lesson: the intrinsic value of a market leader that has had a two-generation love affair with its upscale markets beats ETF’s and industrials when market sentiment is mixed, as it has been since mid-2007, the start of the Great Recession.

Presentation and Supplementary Report Assignment

Presentation and Supplementary Report - Assignment Example Organizations have to bear the high initial cost of acquiring and running the operations, but innovative developments in technology is shortening the life span of the previous one. This is leading the organizations to re-invest in current technology, and increasing the cost to the company. Apart from this, if today’s environment is considered, then the likes and dislikes of customers are also changing frequently. The fast altering opinions, lifestyle, and preferences pose a challenge for the manufacturing business organizations, as they cannot exactly estimate the preferences of their target customer group. Further, generation gaps in the society have also made it difficult for the marketers to determine the consumer behaviour. Companies are investing heavily on analyzing consumer behaviour, so as to determine the appropriate way of satisfying the needs of the customers. Business organizations are facing a two sided challenge, in which the first side is consumer preference and behaviour, on the other side is the cut throat competition in the market. The recession is certainly squeezing the spending of the consumers and the market of the companies. Countries like UK, USA slipped into deep credit crunch, which also led its companies both in public and private sector into the economic slowdown. This also indicates that the challenges faced by the organizations in the past are different from those faced now. The world is changing rapidly and the organizations are facing challenges like intense competition, rigorous ethical inspection, globalization, digitalized workplace, requirement for fast response, and increasing level of diversity. These mentioned challenges which are affecting the business organization are further affecting the society at large. Managers in organisations measure marketing performances for evaluating and analysing effectiveness and efficiency of the business. This can be accomplished by concentrating on the

Impact of culture on international marketing Essay

Impact of culture on international marketing - Essay Example While globalisation was bringing in a radical economic change the globe over it was perhaps gradually contributing to the design of an international bond by unfastening the intra national social bonds primarily in terms of opening marketing interfaces to cultures across the world resulting in comprehension and exchange of elements from other cultures. Thus economic forces enabled international marketing to get energized and, which in turn, set in the challenging assignment of making commercial sense out of cultures to which wares were marketed. Devetak and Higgott explain how globalisation has brought about a weakening of an intra national social bond. They further posit that ongoing process of globalisation causes constant disruption in existing social bond. It is their view that "under conditions of globalisation, assumptions made about the social bond are changing; .... the article concludes that the prospects for a satisfactory synthesis of a liberal economic theory of globalisat ion, a normative political theory of the global public domain, and a new social bond are remote"(Devetak & Higgott 1999). Again, in a slightly different context, Phillip W.Jones makes a statement which is extremely relevant to the definition of globalisation in present context. Jones states that," The logic of globalisation contrasts markedly with that of internationalism. The latter, with its intrinsically democratic foundation, looks to a world ordered by structures supportive of that functionalism which is embedded in accountability. Globalisation, by contrast, implies few logical imperatives in favour of accountability, but rather looks to the pursuit of interest on the global level through the operation of unfettered capitalism"(Jones,1998).According to Jones view international marketing efforts in new cultural milieu would fall in the category of 'globalisation' as defined by him. However multinational corporations take a broader view of their international marketing efforts and venture in new international markets only after completing a thorough study of local cultures. New technological develo pments, improvements in communication, growth in transnational infrastructure and liberalizing of trade and capital flows have enabled entrepreneurs the globe over to deploy and run their capitals chasing markets the globe over. The globalisation aligned attitudes of IMF and World Bank are exemplified with clarity by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, when he says that," The key aim of today's policy makers has not changed compared to those at the Bretton Woods times - it has been, and still is, global prosperity and stability - but the environment in which we are acting has changed profoundly......Today we are striving for stability of the international financial system in a world of free capital flows with a growing importance of private flows and increasing trade and financial integration"(Trichet, 2004). As Roby says," world-wide output and trade have grown apace with market openings and the rise of efficient global business networks these past 15 years. An entrepreneurial class is energizing once-stagnant command economies" (Roby, 2005). It is at once apparent that this 'entrepreneurial class' is essentially limited in number the globe over. They also have limited spheres of influence. Consider for instance, the

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 106

Summary - Essay Example This development saw music change into an interesting artistic industry, which changed the Africans lives through the information carried in these songs. Garvey and entertainment columnists used music concerts to urge the blacks to develop the black music to another level characterised by slow and low sound beats (Titon, 199). The purpose of advertisements included informing the public of new releases and improvement of the existing ones. This resulted to increased sales. For instance, a national dance made immense contribution to the sharp increase in record sales between 1913 -1915. (Titon, 196). The primary purpose of these records included entertainment and identifying with the music. During the World War, more black people moved to the urban ghettos. It became evident that, the immigration did not hasten the black integration into the white civilised society, however, it emerged that two types of separatism came into existence. The black’s perspective on the establishment of the ghettos formed the belief that the ghettos should grow and become self-sustaining economic and political components. This belief developed to become the black metropolis. The Africans wanted to participate in politics and develop a society where they are recognised (Titon, 98). The advertisement and press coverage in conjunction with capitalist forces from the recording companies defined the down-home blues in such a manner that they have accompaniment voices from the men in the studio and with the aspect of advertisement and live performances, increased the sales. However, the capitalist forces took a lion’s share leaving the artists or owners of the records poor (Titon, 211). For instance, the artist had to incur an expense for recording, copyrights and production. The recording and production companies would only give the artist travelling allowances in return. This made the capitalist rich and the artists poor.

Shipping Regulations Dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shipping Regulations Dis - Essay Example Nevertheless, what is the main purpose of shipping regulations? This essay evaluates the relevance of some of the present shipping regulations. The overall purposes of shipping regulations, as Bloor et al. elaborates, is to enhance safety in the industry (172). The regulating bodies aim at ensuring maximum safety to the public as well as the freight handlers. Some of the transported goods, for example the hazardous goods, pose significant health risk to the public. For his reason, the regulating authority defines the standard ways of packaging, labeling and the overall handling of such cargos. In addition, the regulating body is mindful of the safety of goods in the passage. The shipping process involves multiple transfers of goods from different agencies. For instance, cargos are interchanged from the Carter to the freight forwarder and the airline. If the entire process is not regulated, goods may be damaged or stolen along the away. To avoid this, the shipping process is controlled, thus ensuring that goods in transit get to the destination safely. The present shipping regulations are, in my opinion, enough to accomplish the safety purpose. Firstly, there are minimal incidences of the harmful occurrences that reported during shipping. In addition, the present system is secure enough with very few instances of loss or damage to goods while in transit. However, the system may benefit from an increased investment in technology. The shipping industry ought to be up to speed with the growing technology. Incorporating modern technology may include the use of robotic packaging and inspection gadgets, among other computer-related mechanisms. Such measures will increase speed and efficiency while still maintaining safety in the shipping industry. In conclusion, the shipping industry is a sensitive area that requires a high standard of safety. Although the present system has significantly catered

Insulin Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Insulin - Term Paper Example The termination of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis results to restoration of normal glucose levels in the blood. The action of insulin in the body is usually brief and the level blood sugar changes after the action of insulin subsides. Besides the control of blood sugar, production of insulin initiates a series of metabolic reactions that are mainly mediated by the changes in expression of over 100 genes in the body (O’Brien and Granner, 1117). One of the major effects of insulin in such physiological processes includes the regulation in the expression of genes that stimulate absorption of amino acids, metabolisms of lipids mainly in the muscles and adipose tissue. In addition, insulin affects the expression of genes used for growth, development and survival of somatic cells (Rhodes and White8) Alfred Sanger did the first sequencing of amino acids that make up insulin hormone in 1955 (BCBC 1). According to BCBC (1) insulin is the first protein to have its amino acid chain determined and sequenced. Moreover, the hormone is the first â€Å"peptide protein measured by radioimmunoassay technique†. In addition, insulin is the first hormone to be produced in microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology, a process that was successfully conducted in the 1970s. Since then, insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology has been used for treating diabetes, replacing earlier hormones that were produced from purification of insulin from animal species (BCBC1) Disruption of insulin synthesis in the body causes several physiological changes in the body. One of the major impacts of low glucose production is hyperglycemia, a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase of glucose in the blood plasma (Steiner and James 42). Other effects include poor growth and development of the body. Diabetic patients

Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Change Essay Example for Free

Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Change Essay There is a popular saying â€Å"the only thing that is constant is change† by the Greek philosopher Heraclitus. What it simply means is that the only guarantee in life is that things do not always stay the same. Change is needed to grow and advance in life. In the corporate and healthcare industries, change is happening all the time. This article addresses how the Corporate Culture within an entity can aid or hurt the change process at hand. Corporate Culture is defined as a set of characteristics that define a particular company. It involves employee attitudes, values, customs, standards, policies and procedures, and rites and rituals. It defines how a company performs and how it gets things accomplished toward either a positive or negative outcome. The article describes the characteristics of a high performance corporate culture and a low performance corporate culture. In a high performance corporate culture the individuals are more willing to embrace the changes compared to a company were low performance corporate culture is the norm. When organizations are able to adopt change and readily execute systems to carry it out, they tend to be more prosperous. A company with a low performance corporate culture can place a burden on the attempts to change, making it more difficult for everybody involved from management all the way to customers. The article also gives advice on how to overcome cultural barriers to move the culture from low performing to high performing. Some of these principles include giving rewards, showing by example, encouraging involvement, repetition, stating over and over the change and how it will benefit the organization and the expectations from the team and be passionate. By considering the organization’s culture, and acknowledging any key barriers to change, one can help make the change initiative more successful. Perseverance, communication, and passion is needed to build and support new ways of working. Building a higher-performance culture is fundamental to the organizations ability to adapt and change, and to its lasting prosperity. References Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From To. Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.

Personality Psychology Essay Example for Free

Personality Psychology Essay The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona meaning a mask. Personality is a patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and ideas of an individual as these are organized externally into roles and statuses and as they relate internally to motivation, goals and various aspects of selfhood. According to Robert Park and Earnest Burgess Personality is the sum and organization of those traits which determine the role of the individual in the group. According to Linton, personality embraces the total organized aggregate of psychological processes and status pertaining to the individual. Parsonality says Maclver is all that an individual is and has experienced so far as this all can be comprehended as unity. According to Lundberg the term personality refers to the habits, attitudes and other social traits that are characteristic of a given individual’s behavior. By personality Ogburn means the integration of the socio-psychological behavior of the human being, represented by habits of action and feeling, attitudes and opinions. Davis regards personality a psychic phenomenon which is neither organic nor social but an emergent from a combination of the two. According to Young personality is the totality of behavior of an individual with a given tendency system interacting with a sequence of situations. On the basis of these definitions it may be said there are two main approaches to the study of personality: 1. The psychological 2. The sociological The psychological approach considers personality as a certain style peculiar to the individual. This style is determined by the characteristic organization of mental trends, complexes, emotions and sentiments. The psychological approach enables us to understand the phenomena of personality disorganization and the role of wishes, of mental conflict and of repression and sublimation in the growth of personality. The sociological approach considers personality in terms of the status of the individual in the group, in terms of his conception of his role in the group of which he is a member. What others think of us plays a large part in the formation of our personality. Thus personality is a sum of the ideas, attitudes and values of a person which determine his role in society and form an integral part of his character. Personality is acquired by the individual as a result of his participation in group life. As a member of the group he learns certain behavior systems and symbolic skills which determine his ideas, attitudes and social values. These ideas, attitudes and values which an individual holds comprise his personality. In brief it can be said: 1. Personality is not related to bodily structure alone. It includes both structure and dynamics. 2. Personality is an indivisible unit. 3. Personality is neither good nor bad. 4. Every personality is unique 5. Personality refers to persistent qualities of the individual. It expresses consistency and regularity. 6. Personality is acquired. 7. Personality is influenced by social interaction. It is defined in terms of behavior. Determinant Personality is a result of the combination of four factors- physical environment, heredity, culture and particular experiences. Geographical environment sometimes determines cultural variability. Man comes to form ideas and attitudes according to the physical environment he lives in. To the extent that the environment determines cultural development and to the extent that culture in turn determines personality a relationship between personality and environment becomes clear. Montesque in 18th century claimed that the bravery of those blessed by a cold climate enables them to maintain their liberties. Great heat enervates courage while cold causes certain vigor of body and mind. The people of mountain as well as deserts are usually bold, hard and powerful. However physical conditions are more permissive and limiting factors than causative factors. They set the limits within which personality can develop. Hereditary is another factor determining human personality. Some of the similarities in man’s personality are said to be due to his common heredity. Every human group inherits the same general set of biological needs and capacities. These common needs and capacities explain some of our similarities in personality. Man tends to resemble his parents in physical appearance and intelligence. However heredity does not mould human personality alone and unaided. We can assume that there are genes for normal personality traits just as there are genes for other aspects of human life and functioning. Heredity only furnishes the materials out of which experience will mould the personality. Experience determines the way these materials will be used. An individual may be energetic because of his heredity but whether he is active on his own belief or on behalf of others is a matter of his training. There can be little doubt that culture largely determines the types of personality that will predominate in the particular group. According to some sociologists personality is the subjective aspect of culture. They regard personality and culture as two sides of same coin. Spiro had observed the development of personality and the acquisition of culture are not different processes but one and the same learning process. Personality is an individual aspect of culture while culture is a collective aspect of personality. Each culture produces its special type or types of personality. A given cultural environment sets its participant members off from other human beings operating under different cultural environments. According to Frank culture is a coercive influence dominating the individual and molding his personality by virtue of the ideas, conceptions and beliefs which had brought to bear on him through communal life. The culture provides the raw material of which the individual makes his life. The traditions, customs, mores, religion, institutions, moral and social standards of a group affect the personality of the group members. From the moment of birth the child is treated in ways which shape his personality. Every culture exerts a series of general influences upon the individuals who grow up under it. It can be summed up that culture greatly moulds personality. The individual ideas and behavior are largely the results of cultural conditioning. However it should not be concluded that culture is a massive die that shapes all that come under it with an identical pattern. All the people of a given culture are not of same cast. Personality traits differ within any culture. Personality is not totally determined by culture even though no personality escapes its influence. It is only one determinant among others. Personality is also determined by another factor the particular and unique experiences. There are two types of experiences one those that stem from continuous association with one’s group, second those that arise suddenly and are not likely to recur. The type of people who meet the child daily has a major influence on his personality. The personality of parents does more to affect a child’s personality. The social rituals ranging from table manners to getting along with others are consciously inculcated in the child by his parents. The child picks up the language of his parents. Group influences are relatively greater in early childhood. This is the period when the relationships of the child with the mother, father and siblings affect profoundly the organization of his drives and emotions, the deeper and subconscious aspects of his personality. Group interaction moulds the child’s personality. It may also be inferred that personality is a matter of social situations. It has been shown by social researchers that a person may show honesty in one situation and not in another. The same is true for other personality traits also. Personality traits tend to be specific responses to particular situations rather than general behavior patterns. It is a dynamic unity with a creative potential. Heredity, physical environment, culture and particular experiences are thus the four factors that explain personality –its formation, development and maintenance. Beyond the joint influence of these factors however the relative contribution of each factor to personality varies with the characteristic or personality process involved and perhaps with the individual concerned. How to develop 1. - 1 - Think positive thoughts, both about yourself and others in general. The thoughts that we think soon turn into the words we say and the actions we take. Having good thoughts about yourself gives you self-confidence and self-respect, essential in any good person. . - 2 - Never lose a chance to prove yourself. In our day to day life we came across several opportunities which could help our self in defining our personality. for example if you are in a conversation with a group or a individual you must talk in a way that you can prove others what you are really. and it does not matter if you say a line or a speech. the thing which will matter is the words of yous. whether they were able to leave an impact on others or not. 3. 3 - Look for famous people w hose personality defined them. Athletes, artists, actors and musicians are people who face challenges in their careers everyday. They have to have patience and perseverance in order to succeed. Many of them are humble in spite of their success and fame. These are life skills which is learned culminate in the creation of a good personality. 4. - 4 - Look deep inside yourself and think about who you are. Many people find themselves to be better than apparent by reflection. 5. - 5 - Help wherever and whenever you can. A little sacrifice can go along way in changing another persons day. 6. - 6 - Always be yourself. If you are following some famous personality or you are being just you. Make sure that you never lose yourself. It means that you have to stick to that behavior every time. Feel it in your blood. 7. 7 Learn to love other people. Many bad personalities come about because people do not want to forgive each other and thus become filled with so much inter personal hate that they hate other people. This makes them come off as bad and self centered when all they lack is the insight to forgive and forget whatever may be the root of conflict between them. Types Of Personality 1. Type A ;amp; Type B Personality; 2. Introvert ;amp; Extrovert Personality Type A Personality Is restless, so that he always moves, walks ;amp; eats rapidly Is impatient with the pace of things Does several things at once Schedules more ;amp; more Does not have time to relax ;amp; enjoy life Type B Personality – More relaxed, sociable ;amp; balanced outlook of life Hardworking but feel no pressing conflict with people or time Slide 3: By Manjiri Shanbhag 2. Introvert ;amp; Extrovert Personalities Introvert Personality Basically shy, prefer to be alone ;amp; have difficulty in communicating. Are quite, introspective, well-ordered, emotionally unexpressive ;amp; value oriented Prefers small groups of intimate friends ;amp; plans well ahead Extrovert Personality are outgoing, objective, aggressive ;amp; relate well with people sociable, lively, impulsive, seeking novelty ;amp; change, carefree ;amp; emotionally expressive Major contributing factors to Personality : By Manjiri Shanbhag Major contributing factors to Personality Major contributing factors to Personality : By Manjiri Shanbhag HEREDITY- Heredity refers to factors that were determined at conception These are the characteristics that are generally considered to be imported completely or substantially from one’s parents. For eg. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, temperament, biological rhythms etc. The role of heredity on personality development is still an unsettled area of understanding. ENVIRONMENT- This is a broad term and includes factors such as culture which influences norms, attitudes and values that are passed along from one generation to the next and creates consistencies over time. Every culture has its own subcultures, each with its own views about such qualities as moral values and standards, cleanliness, and definition of success. Although culture has significant influences on personality development, a linear relationship cannot be established between personality and the given culture for two reasons: The cultural impacts upon an individual are not uniform, because they are transmitted by certain people-parents and others-who are not at all alike in their values and practices, and The individual has some experiences that are unique. Each individual reacts in his or her own way to social pressures, the differences in behavior being caused by biological factors. Major contributing factors to Personality Major contributing factors to Personality : By Manjiri Shanbhag Major contributing factors to Personality FAMILY- The family has considerable influence on personality development, particularly in the early stages. The process can be examined from three different perspectives: Identification can be viewed as the similarity of the behavior (including feelings and attributes) between child and model Identification can be looked as the child’s motive or desire to be like the model Identification can be viewed as the process through which the child actually takes on the attributes of the model The identification process is fundamental to the understanding of personality development SOCIALIZATION- Socialization involves the process by which a person acquires, from the enormously wide range of behavioral potentialities at are open to an individual This process involves the organizations and groups SITUATIONAL- Situations seem to differ substantially in the constraints they impose on behavior. Personality Theories : By Manjiri Shanbhag Personality Theories Personality Theories : By Manjiri Shanbhag Psychoanalytic Theory- This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud, in his 40 years of writing and clinical practice He developed The first comprehensive personality theory A method for treating neurotic ills, and An extensive body of clinical observations based on his therapeutic experiences and self-analysis Freud associated the mind as an ice-berg where in only a small portion is visible which represents the conscious experience and the other major mass below water level represents unconscious. This unconscious mind is a storehouse of impulses, passions, and primitive instincts that affect our thoughts and behavior Freud sought to explore this unconscious mind, and he did so by the method of free association. Freud saw personality as being composed of three elements- id, ego and super ego This tripartite division of personality is know an tructural model of mental life He insisted that these structures be considered as hypothetical contrcuts, since the field of neuro-anatomy was not sufficiently advanced to locate them within the central nervous system The Id- According to Freud, the Id employs to rid the personality of tension: reflex actions and primary process. Personality Theories Personality Theories : By Manjiri Shanbhag Personality Theories Contd†¦ Psychoanalytic Theory – The Ego – Ego is making you realize the reality. Mental images cannot satisfy your needs, as such the reality and existence must be considered. Ego is developed from the id due to the necessity to deal with reality. For eg, if you show images of food items to a starving man he will never be satisfied. The tension of hunger will be reduced only by having food. The Super Ego – This is third part of the personality, representing your internal representation of values, beliefs and morals of the society as learned from your parents when you were child. To function constructively in the society, you should acquire system of values, norms, ethics, and attitudes which must be compatible with the society. The super ego judges whether an action is right or wrong as per the standards raised by the society. As such the id seeks pleasure, the ego tests the reality and the super ego strives for perfection. Freud believed that the conflict between the id impulses-primarily sexual and aggressive instincts-and the restraining influences of the ego and the super ego constituted the motivating sources of personality This study contributed to four areas: Creative Behavior; ii. Dissatisfaction; iii. Group Development; iv. Leadership and influence However, since id, ego, super ego are primarily ‘ black-box’ explanation of human beings, as such the theory fails to reflect the human personality and behavior. This is the criticism which this theory faces. Personality Theories : By Manjiri Shanbhag Social Learning Theory – The social learning theories of personality consider human behavior as an important behavior. It focuses on the behavior patterns and cognitive activities in relation to the specific conditions that evoke, maintain or modify them. This behavior is emphasized by the human behavior in a particular situation There are two ways of learning : 1. through reinforcement, direct experience and 2. learning by observing others, which is called Vicarious learning. Some of the personal variables that determine what an individual will do in a particular situation include the following: Competencies- intelligence ability, social skills, other abilities. Cognitive Strategies- Habitual ways of selectively attending to information and organising meaningful units. Outcome expectations- Expectations about the consequences of different behaviors and the meaning of certain stimuli Subjective value outcome- Different individuals behaving differently in the same situations Self regulatory systems and plans- Individual differences in self-imposed goals, rules guiding behavior, self-imposed rewards for success or punishment for failure, and ability to plan and execute steps leading to a goal will lead to differences in behavior. All these variables interact with the conditions of a particular situation to determine what an individual will do in that situation The social learning theorist have been criticized for over-emphasizing the importance of situational factors in behavior to the neglect of individual differences. An individual is regarded as flexible, malleable, and passive victim of external stimuli-the permanent pawn of environmental fate. Environmental conditions are held to be superior to human nature. Personality Theories Personality Theories : By Manjiri Shanbhag Personality Theories Self Concept Theory – Carl Rogers and Abrham Maslow are credited with the humanistic theory of personality. Rogers Self Concept theory – This approach to personality is described as phenomenological, which is the study of the individual’s subjective experience, feeling, and private concepts as well as his views of the world and self. The behavior is dependent on how we perceive the world, that is the behavior is a result of immediate events as they are actually perceived and interpreted by the individual. Such an approach to personality emphasizes the self and its characteristics. This is often referred to as self theory personality because the best vantage point for understanding behavior is from the internal frame of reference of the individual himself. Basic to Rogers’ personality theory are two concept theory: self and self-actualization. The self consist of all the ideas, perceptions and values that characterize ‘I’ or ‘Me’; it includes the awareness ‘What I am’ and ‘What I can do’. Self-concept denotes the individual’s conception of the person he is. It is one’s image of oneself. This perceived (self-concept) influences both the person’s perception of the world and his own behavior. Self-actualization is the basic motivating force representing the inherent tendency of the organism to develop all its capabilities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance the person. Central to the humanistic approach are the following concepts: An individual is an integrated whole, Animal research is irrelevant to human behavior, Human nature is essentially good, Man has creative potential, and Psychological health of man is most important Personality Theories : By Manjiri Shanbhag Trait Theory – A personality trait is understood as being an enduring attribute of a person that apprears consistently in a variety of situations. A trait differentiates one from another in a relatively permanent or consistent way. This is abstract from an individual’s behavior and serves as an useful ‘ unit of analysis’ to understand personality. There are two ways of analyzing personality traits: (i) the person describes himself by answering questions about this attitudes, feelings, and behaviors; (ii) someone else evaluates the person’s traits either from what he knows about the individual or from direct observations of behavior. With the first method, a personality inventory is most often used, whereas the second usually involves using a rating scale. This is essentially a questionnaire in which the person reports reactions or feelings in certain situations. A personality inventory asks the same questions of each person, and the answers are usually given in a form that can be easily rated. This inventory is to measure a single dimension of personality or several personality traits simultaneously. A rating scale is a device for recording judgment about a trait. The rating scale is filled up by someone else by what he or she knows about the individual or by studying his or her behavior in certain situations. A major objection to trait theories is that they are very descriptive rather than analytical and are a long way from being comprehensive theories of personality. Behavior cannot be explained by trait theory. Personality Theories Personality Dimensions : By Manjiri Shanbhag Personality Dimensions Authoritarianism – Is a concept developed by psychologist Adorno during World War II to measure susceptibility to autocratic, fascist, or anti-democratic appeals. Since then the concept has been extended to the authoritarian personality, a generic term used to describe an individual who has strong belief in the legitimacy of established mechanisms of formal authority, views obedience to authority as necessary, exhibits a negative philosophy of people, adheres to conventional and traditional value systems, is intellectually rigid and opposes the use of subjective feelings. Machiavellianism- This is a term derived from the writings of Nicoli Machiavelli, which refers to individual’s propensity to manipulate people. Machiavellians would be prone to participate in organizational politics. They are also adept at interpersonal game-playing, power tactics, and identifying influence systems in organizations. Locus of Control- Refers to an individual’s belief that events are either within one’s control (internal locus of control) or are determined by forces beyond one’s control (external locus of control). These traits are m anifested in different behaviors which are significant to managers.

Histomorphometeric Study of Lymphoid Nodules of Vermiform

Histomorphometeric Study of Lymphoid Nodules of Vermiform ABSTRACT Objective: To study the lymphoid tissues of vermiform Appendix at various age groups to establish that appendix is an important organ of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and its role in etiology of acute appendicitis. Study Design: Comparative study Place and duration: The study was conducted at Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi from July 2011 to June 2013. Materials and Methods: Four age groups spacing 15 years between each group, except last group (advanced age) which had no limit because of less availability of the specimens, were made. In each group histological sections of 10 normal looking surgically amputated vermiform appendices were included. The parameters including number of lymphoid nodules and diameter of lymphoid nodules measured under the microscope. Results: There was gradual decrease of mean number of lymphoid nodules with advancing age but even at the age of 74 few numbers of lymphoid nodules were observed. There was great variation of diameter of lymphoid nodule at different age groups but at advanced age it was much decreased. Conclusion: The lymphoid nodules decreased with advancing age but these were present even at the age of 74 years. The diameters of lymphoid nodules are remarkable except at advanced age. Key words: Vermiform appendix, lymphoid nodule, Microscope. Introduction The clinical presentations associated with this blind ending tube (vermiform appendix) are so many and diverse that many lives have been lost in the past either due to misdiagnosis, mismanagement or complications associated with it. The appendix length varies from 2 to 20 cm with an average of 9 cm.1 The variable number of lymphoid nodules located in the lamina propria extending to sub-mucosa, are arranged circumferentially around the lumen of the appendix. The crypts of Lieberkuhn are absent between epithelial lining and lymphoid nodules at places where the lymphoid nodules are close to epithelial lining. Zahid A. observed that the vermiform appendix is an important component of mammalian mucosal immune function, particularly B-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses and T-lymphocytes derived extra-thymically and it is also suggested that vermiform appendix is not a vestigial organ.2 The normal function of appendix probably helps to promote local immunity.3 The appendix contains both isolated and aggregated lymphoid follicles and it is a part of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).4 The irregularity of the lumen of vermiform appendix is due to mucosal folds which appear due to lymphoid follicles.5 The lymphoid nodules appear in the vermiform appendix about two weeks after birth6. In full term human fetus there is no obvious lymphoid tissue seen in the vermiform appendix but two well organized lymphoid nodules are observed within first two weeks and about 10-12 well organized and prominent lymphoid nodules are visible in transverse section of vermiform appendix of man of thirty two weeks old.7 As the age advances, the weight of the appendix decreases because number and size of lymphoid nodules reduces. In or near appendix, in any pathology, the primary and secondary immune response is high in young age. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi from July 2011 to June 2013. In this study, a total of 40 normally looking surgically amputated vermiform appendix specimens were included. According to age, these specimens were divided into four equal groups. Each group consists of 10 specimens with spacing of 15 years between each group except the last group. Due to less availability of appendices, the last group ranges from 46-74 years. The groups were as follow: Group A: 0- 15 years Group B: 16-30 years Group C: 31-45 years Group D: 46-74 years The 5 micrometer thickness sectioning of tissue blocks with microtome made. The specimens stained with Haemotoxylin and Eosin. Only the results of middle part of the vermiform appendix are included in this study. The histological slides were examined under the light microscope after calibration of ocular micrometer. Procedure for measurement of the diameter of the lymphoid follicle The measurements were taken twice for each nodules, one was taken among the maximum transverse diameter and another at perpendicular to the first one. Then the number of micrometer divisions were multiplied by the correlation factor derived earlier keeping the magnification constant. Diameter of the lymphoid follicle was calculated as: Maximum transverse Diameter + Perpendicular diameter Diameter of lymphoid follicle = 2 By using the above formula the diameter of all lymphoid nodules of each slide were measured and then mean diameter of each slide calculated. Then the mean diameter of each group calculated as shown in the tables. Discussion At different age groups, the microanatomy of appendix is variable. The lumen size and wall thickness depends on number and diameter of lymphoid nodules. There are large numbers of lymphoid nodules in the vermiform appendix and it is a part of Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT). It is proposed by Zahid A. that appendix perform to train immune system of the body for production of antibodies when exposed to antigen and also play a role in foetal development by manufacturing hormones.2 In this study, the highest number of lymphoid nodules (10.3) is in the group B (16- 30 years) and the lowest number of lymphoid nodules (3.8) is in the group D (46-74 years). In a Bangladesh study8, the highest number of lymphoid follicles was in age group up to 20 years and lowest in age group between 56-70 years and similarly the diameter of lymphoid follicles is highest in age group up to 20 years and lowest in age group of 56-70 years but the age grouping was somewhat different from our study. In another study, the highest average diameter of lymphoid follicles was found in group 0-20 years and lowest average diameter was found above 50 years age.9 The above referred study agreed with Borley5 and Arey.10 In another Bangladesh study11 the mean numbers of lymphoid nodules are less than half of our study. In old age, the numbers of the lymphoid nodules are reduced and these are replaced by fibrous tissue.11,12 It is observed in our study, that although the mean number of lymphoid nodules is lowest (3.8) in group D (45-74Years) but even at the ages of 60 years, 63 years, and 65 years, the number of lymphoid nodules are equivalent to some specimens of group A, B, and C. Even at the age of 74 years three lymphoid nodules were found. Although the lymphoid nodules and other structures in the wall of appendix are replaced by fibrous tissue in old age but normally it is also observed in many adults13. The germinal centers in most of the lymphoid nodules of human appendix are present in the children up to16 years of age but the number of germinal centers are less in adults and they are absent in the nodules in old age persons.14 In our study the germinal centers were not explored. Like the vermiform appendix, the Peyer’s patches (Lymphoid nodules) which are concentrated at distal 25cm of ileum are more numerous in young adults and they become less prominent as age advances.15, 16 Conclusion The lymphoid nodules decreased with advancing age but these were present even at the age of 74 years. The diameters of lymphoid nodules are remarkable except at advanced age. Ann. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci. 2014; 10(3): 161-1641